1_README.TXT Selected Images of the Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha Eruption, 1983-1997 By T. Jane Takahashi, Christina Heliker, and Michael F. Diggles Digital Data Series DDS-80 2003 U.S. Department of the Interior Gale A. Norton, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Charles G. Groat, Director QUICK START For those already familiar with HTML browsers and have Adobe Acrobat Reader installed, go directly to the file "index.html". ABSTRACT The 100 images in this CD-ROM have been selected from the collections of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory as enduring favorites of the staff, researchers, media, designers, and the public over time. They represent photographs of a variety of geological phenomena and eruptive events, chosen for their content, quality of exposure, and aesthetic appeal. The number was kept to 100 to maintain the high resolution desirable. Since 1997, digital imagery has been the predominant mode of photographically documenting the eruption. Many of these photos, from 1998 to the present, are viewable on the website: http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/update/archive/ Episode numbers are given as E-numbers in parentheses before each caption that pertains to the Pu'u 'O'o?Kupaianaha eruption. All images included in this collection are owned by the U.S. Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, and are in the public domain. Therefore, no permission or fee is required for their use. Please include photo credit for the photographer and the U.S. Geological Survey. We assume no responsibility for the modification of these images. INTRODUCTION The eruption has progressed through three main epochs: 3.5 years of episodic fountaining, mainly from the Pu'u 'O'o central vent, producing a cinder-and-spatter cone and 'a'a flows; 5.5 years of continuous effusion from the Kupaianaha vent, producing a shield and tube-fed pahoehoe flows; and over 11 years (as of January 2003) of nearly continuous effusion from flank vents on Pu'u 'O'o, again producing a shield and tube-fed pahoehoe flows. CONTENTS This CD-ROM contains 100 digitized color 35-mm images of eruptions of Pu'u 'O'o and Kupaianaha from 1983 to 1997, designed for use by the interested public, multimedia producers, desktop publishers, and the high-end printing industry. The digital images are stored in the "images" folder and can be read across Macintosh, Windows, DOS, OS/2, SGI, UNIX system-based, and Linux platforms with applications that can read JPG (JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group format) or PCD (Kodak's PhotoCD (YCC) format) files. Throughout this publication, the image numbers match the file names, figure captions, thumbnail labels, and other references. Also included on this CD-ROM are Windows and Macintosh viewers and engines for keyword searches (Adobe Acrobat Reader with Search). At the time of this publication, Kodak's policy on the distribution of color-management files is still unresolved, and so none is included on this CD-ROM. However, using the Universal Ektachrome or Universal Kodachrome transforms found in your software will provide excellent color. In addition to PhotoCD (PCD) files, this CD-ROM contains large (14.2"x19.5") and small (4"x6") screen-resolution (72 dots per inch; dpi) images in JPEG format. These undergo downsizing and compression relative to the PhotoCD images. Each of these resolutions is located in the following folders (TIFs added in 2009): TIF files: /images/TIF/ PhotoCD format (PCDs): /images/PCD/ 14.2"x19.5": /images/JPG/large_screen/ 4"x6": /images/JPG/small_screen/ The captions for each image, besides being included in the HTML front end and the PDF file, are provided in ASCII format in the captions.txt file. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS This CD-ROM (DDS_80) was produced in accordance with the ISO 9660 Level 2 standard and Apple Computer's(1) hierarchical file system (HFS) standard. The data and text on this CD-ROM require either a UNIX system-based or Linux work station, Macintosh or compatible computer, or an IBM(2) or compatible personal computer, all equipped with a CD-ROM drive and a color monitor that can display 256 colors (16.7 million recommended). The PC should have: -- Intel(3) Pentium(3) or compatible R-class-processor- based personal computer -- Microsoft(4) Windows 98 Second Edition, Windows Millennium Edition, Windows NT 4.0 with Service Pack 5 or 6 (Service Pack 6 recommended), Windows 2000, Windows XP Professional or Home Edition (earlier versions of Acrobat running under earlier operating systems may open the PDFs on this disc but some features may not be available) -- 64 MB of RAM The Macintosh should have: -- PowerPCR(1) processor -- Apple(1) Mac(1) OS 9.1, 9.2, 9.2.2, 10.1.3, 10.1.5, 10.2 (earlier versions of Acrobat running under earlier operating systems may open the PDFs on this disc but some features may not be available) -- 64 MB of RAM UNIX and Linux -- Almost any UNIX(5) system-based or Linux(6) workstation can read these files. All platforms -- Web-browsing software, such as Netscape Navigator (4.5 to 4.77, 6.1) (7) or Microsoft Internet Explorer (5.0 to 6.0) (4) -- Adobe(8) Acrobat(8) Reader 5.1 or higher (Acrobat Reader 5.1 for Windows and Macintosh provided on this CD-ROM in the Acrobat folder in the software folder. Optional software -- Software that can read and print Kodak(9) PhotoCD (PCD) image-pac files, such as Adobe Photoshop(8), IrfanView (10), or ZAP Picture Browser (11). IrfanView for Windows is provided on this CD-ROM in the IrfanView folder in the software folder. TO GET STARTED: On a Macintosh, double-click on the CD-ROM (DDS_80) icon and double-click on the file index.html to open it with your browser. On a PC system with Windows, the file index.html should open automatically, if not, open My Computer, double-click on the CD-ROM (DDS_80) icon and double-click on the file index.html to open it with your browser. On a UNIX system-based or Linux workstation, mount the CD- ROM. If you are unsure about the process of mounting CD- ROM's on the workstation, see your system administrator for instructions. Once the CD-ROM is mounted, use your preferred web browser to open the file index.html. PORTABLE DOCUMENT FORMAT (PDF) FILES To provide both screen- and print-resolution, we have provided an Adobe Acrobat PDF version of this report (DDS- 80.pdf). Using Adobe Acrobat Reader, you can print high- resolution copies of each photograph with its caption. This PDF contains "bookmarks" (in the left margin) that allow you to jump to other parts of the document. A "slideshow" of the photographs is available by viewing either of the two files slideshow1024.pdf (9.9 MB) or slideshow1920.pdf (24.7 MB). The images in slideshow1024.pdf are 1024 pixels wide or 768 pixels high which is typical of what monitors up to 17" use. The images in slideshow1920.pdf are 1920 pixels wide or 1200 pixels high which is typical of what monitors up to 23" use. If you are using a smaller monitor, select the smaller file because it will load and display faster. To get the slideshow to advance automatically in your copy of Adobe Acrobat Reader, set Edit, Preferences, Full Screen, to Advance Every 3 Seconds. The Acrobat directory contains installers for Adobe Acrobat Reader 5.1 for Macintosh and Windows) or you can download the latest version free from Adobe Systems at http://www.adobe.com/. Due to space limitations on this CD-ROM, the installer for Acrobat Reader for Macintosh provided here does not include the Asian fonts as they were not needed for this publication. Users who need them for other PDFs can obtain those fonts at no cost from http://www.adobe.com/This CD-ROM also contains a full-text index (index.pdx and associated files in the index directory) that is for use in searching the PDF files for words or sets of words using the Search tool in Acrobat Reader. To make best use of this CD-ROM, you will need to develop some familiarity with Acrobat Reader; an on-line guide is available within Acrobat Reader under "Help." ACCESSIBILITY The content within this publication is presented in several Formats. The HTML forms (index.html and album.html) are presented with alternative text to make them fully accessible using assistive technology such as screen readers; they comply with the requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act, Section 508. As the PDF forms (DDS-80.pdf, contact_sheet.pdf, thumbnails.pdf, and the two slideshow PDFs) contain the same images and the same text, it was unnecessary to "tag" them for accessibility. KODAK PhotoCD (PCD) FILES: HOW TO USE THE FIVE SIZES For users who have commercial software that can read and print PCD files, the photographs are provided on this CD- ROM in that format in the "PCD" folder in the "images" folder. Each PCD file has five resolutions of images contained within each file. You can make a choice as to which one you want to use rather than needing to down-sample an image that is larger than you need. For example, when you open a PCD file in Adobe Photoshop, you get a dialog box where you select the resolution of your choice and then that version of the image opens. You can also use the largest of the choices, for instance, to make a poster-sized hard copy on a large plotter. Do this by opening a PCD in high-resolution mode (3072 x 2048 pixels) and setting the image size to 90 dpi and you will get a picture that is nearly two-feet by three-feet. In the hierarchy of file formats, PhotoCD (YCC) resides above BMP, EPS, GIF, JPEG, MOV, PCX, PICT, PSD, TIF, TIFF, etc., enabling end users to go from YCC to other formats, but not in the other direction without losing image quality. Each 24-bit color image is stored as 5 resolutions: 1. Thumbnail [192 x 128 pixels]--Contact-sheet-size images for quick previewing of the entire collection. 2. FPO "For Placement Only" [384 x 256 pixels]--A proxy for high-resolution images to determine placement in page- layout programs. 3. Screen Resolution [786 x 512 pixels]--Ideal for computer viewing and multimedia projects. 4. HDTV High-Definition Television [1536 x 1024 pixels]-- Sufficient resolution for high definition TV, newspapers, and high-quality half-page layouts. 5. High Resolution [3072 x 2048 pixels]--Provides the printing industry with resolution sufficient for high- quality full-page layouts at 300 dpi/150 lpi and 24-bit color. PRODUCTION INFORMATION The scans for this publication were made in the Western Publications Group of the U.S. Geological Survey from the original slides using a Nikon(12) LS-1000(12) film scanner on a Macintosh G4/500 computer running Mac OS 9.2.2. The resulting TIF files were edited in Adobe Photoshop 7.0.1 and converted to PhotoCD (PCD) image-pac files using Kodak BuildIt(9) software. The same TIF files were used to generate the PDF and JPG files on this disc. The small- screen images were made with JPG compression set to 3; the large-screen images were made with JPG compression set to 9. The "book" PDF file was constructed using Adobe InDesign 2.0.1 page-layout software on a Macintosh G4/dual 1.25-GHz computer running Mac OS X Version 10.2.6; the Acrobat Distiller settings were 512 dpi using JPG medium compression. The master for the CD-ROM was made on a LaCie(13) CDBP-401248A(13) CD-ROM recorder using Roxio(14) Toast(14) Titanium 5.2 software for Macintosh set at ISO- 9660 Level II CD-ROM format with Macintosh names (compatible with Windows) and Apple Extensions. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS John Nakata provided the summary on Kodak PCD image-pac format and suggested the thumbnail collection on the inside front cover of the CD-ROM "jewel" case. Bobbie Myers designed the volcanoes banner. Steve Snell, Senior Product Manager, Acrobat Reader, provided the custom Acrobat Reader installer for Macintosh for this CD-ROM. Dale Clark gave us information about image-viewing software. Irfan Skiljan gave us permission to include his graphics-file viewing software on this CD-ROM. We thank all the photographers who shared their work with us. FOR SALE BY: USGS Information Services Box 25286 Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 Telephone: (888) ASK-USGS The bibliographical reference for this publication is: Takahashi, T. Jane, Heliker, Christina, and Diggles, Michael F., 2003, Selected images of the Pu'u 'O'o- Kupaianaha Eruption, 1983-1997: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS-80 (CD-ROM). ISBN 0-607-93061-6 This report and any updates to it are available on line at http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/DDS-80/ DISCLAIMERS This Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) publication was prepared by an agency of the U.S. Government. Neither the U.S. Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this report, or represents that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. Reference therein to any specific commercial product, process, or service, by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Government or any agency thereof. Although all data and software published on this CD-ROM have been used by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS as to the accuracy of the data and related materials and (or) the functioning of the software. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of this data, software, or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. REGISTERED TRADEMARKS (1) Apple Computer, Inc. (2) IBM Corp. (3) Intel Corp. (4) Microsoft Corp. (5) The Open Group (6) Linus Torvalds (7) Netscape Communications Corp. (8) Adobe Systems, Inc. (9) Eastman Kodak Co. (10) Irfan Skiljan (11) Atelier Logiciel Patrice Terrier (12) Nikon, Inc. (13) LaCie Group S.A. (14) Roxio, Inc.